- Catalog number
- A00822-1-carrier-free
- Size / count
- 100 µg/Vial
- Dry ice
- No
- Hazardous
- No
- Discontinued
- No
- Background
- Autophagy related 12 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the ATG12 gene. Autophagy is a process of bulk protein degradation in which cytoplasmic components, including organelles, are enclosed in double-membrane structures called autophagosomes and delivered to lysosomes or vacuoles for degradation. ATG12 is the human homolog of a yeast protein involved in autophagy.
- Synonyms
- Protein kinase C delta type; Tyrosine-protein kinase PRKCD; nPKC-delta; Protein kinase C delta type regulatory subunit; Protein kinase C delta type catalytic subunit; Sphingosine-dependent protein kinase-1; SDK1; PRKCD
- Gene Name
- protein kinase C delta
- Gene ID
- 5580
- UniProt
- Q05655
- Host
- Rabbit
- Reactivity
- Human,Mouse,Rat
- Cross Reactivity
- No cross-reactivity with other proteins.
- Immunogen
- E.coli-derived human PKC delta/PRKCD recombinant protein (Position: F4-D676).
- Clonality
- Polyclonal
- Tissue Specificity
- Detected in blood plasma (at protein level).
- Applications
- ELISA,Flow Cytometry,IF,IHC,ICC,WB
- Purification
- Immunogen affinity purified.
- Concentration
- Adding 0.2 ml of distilled water will yield a concentration of 500 μg/ml.
- Form
- Lyophilized
- Reconstitution
- Add 0.2ml of distilled water will yield a concentration of 500ug/ml.
- Function
- Calcium-independent, phospholipid- and diacylglycerol (DAG)-dependent serine/threonine-protein kinase that plays contrasting roles in cell death and cell survival by functioning as a pro-apoptotic protein during DNA damage-induced apoptosis, but acting as an anti-apoptotic protein during cytokine receptor-initiated cell death, is involved in tumor suppression as well as survival of several cancers, is required for oxygen radical production by NADPH oxidase and acts as positive or negative regulator in platelet functional responses. Negatively regulates B cell proliferation and also has an important function in self-antigen induced B cell tolerance induction. Upon DNA damage, activates the promoter of the death-promoting transcription factor BCLAF1/Btf to trigger BCLAF1-mediated p53/TP53 gene transcription and apoptosis. In response to oxidative stress, interact with and activate CHUK/IKKA in the nucleus, causing the phosphorylation of p53/TP53. In the case of ER stress or DNA damage-induced apoptosis, can form a complex with the tyrosine-protein kinase ABL1 which trigger apoptosis independently of p53/TP53. In cytosol can trigger apoptosis by activating MAPK11 or MAPK14, inhibiting AKT1 and decreasing the level of X-linked inhibitor of apoptosis protein (XIAP), whereas in nucleus induces apoptosis via the activation of MAPK8 or MAPK9. Upon ionizing radiation treatment, is required for the activation of the apoptosis regulators BAX and BAK, which trigger the mitochondrial cell death pathway. Can phosphorylate MCL1 and target it for degradation which is sufficient to trigger for BAX activation and apoptosis. Is required for the control of cell cycle progression both at G1/S and G2/M phases. Mediates phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (PMA)-induced inhibition of cell cycle progression at G1/S phase by up-regulating the CDK inhibitor CDKN1A/p21 and inhibiting the cyclin CCNA2 promoter activity. In response to UV irradiation can phosphorylate CDK1, which is important for the G2/M DNA damage checkpoint activation. Can protect glioma cells from the apoptosis induced by TNFSF10/TRAIL, probably by inducing increased phosphorylation and subsequent activation of AKT1. Is highly expressed in a number of cancer cells and promotes cell survival and resistance against chemotherapeutic drugs by inducing cyclin D1 (CCND1) and hyperphosphorylation of RB1, and via several pro-survival pathways, including NF-kappa-B, AKT1 and MAPK1/3 (ERK1/2). Can also act as tumor suppressor upon mitogenic stimulation with PMA or TPA. In N-formyl-methionyl-leucyl-phenylalanine (fMLP)-treated cells, is required for NCF1 (p47-phox) phosphorylation and activation of NADPH oxidase activity, and regulates TNF-elicited superoxide anion production in neutrophils, by phosphorylation and activation of NCF1 or inly through MAPK1/3 (ERK1/2) signaling pathways. May also play a role in the regulation of NADPH oxidase activity in eosinophil after stimulation with IL5, leukotriene B4 or PMA. In collagen-induced platelet aggregation, acts a negative regulator of filopodia formation and actin polymerization by interacting with and negatively regulating VASP phosphorylation. Downstream of PAR1, PAR4 and CD36/GP4 receptors, regulates differentially platelet dense granule secretion; acts as a positive regulator in PAR-mediated granule secretion, whereas it negatively regulates CD36/GP4-mediated granule release. Phosphorylates MUC1 in the C-terminal and regulates the interaction between MUC1 and beta-catenin. The catalytic subunit phosphorylates 14-3-3 proteins (YWHAB, YWHAZ and YWHAH) in a sphingosine-dependent fashion. Phosphorylates ELAVL1 in response to angiotensin-2 treatment.
- Components
- Each vial contains 4mg Trehalose, 0.9mg NaCl, 0.2mg Na2HPO4, 0.05mg NaN3.
- References & Citations
- 1. Qu, Y., Misaghi, S., Izrael-Tomasevic, A., Newton, K., Gilmour, L. L., Lamkanfi, M., Louie, S., Kayagaki, N., Liu, J., Komuves, L., Cupp, J. E., Arnott, D., Monack, D., Dixit, V. M.Phosphorylation of NLRC4 is critical for inflammasome activation. Nature 490: 539-542, 2012.
2. Salzer, E., Santos-Valente, E., Klaver, S., Ban, S. A., Emminger, W., Prengemann, N. K., Garncarz, W., Mullauer, L., Kain, R., Boztug, H., Heitger, A., Arbeiter, K., Eitelberger, F., Seidel, M. G., Holter, W., Pollak, A., Pickl, W. F., Forster-Waldl, E., Boztug, K. B-cell deficiency and severe autoimmunity caused by deficiency of protein kinase C-delta. Blood 121: 3112-3116, 2013.
3. Tu, X., Joeng, K. S., Nakayama, K. I., Nakayama, K., Rajagopal, J., Carroll, T. J., McMahon, A. P., Long, F. Noncanonical Wnt signaling through G protein-linked PKC-delta activation promotes bone formation. Dev. Cell 12: 113-127, 2007.
- Storage Conditions
- Store at -20℃ for one year from date of receipt. After reconstitution, at 4℃ for one month. It can also be aliquotted and stored frozen at -20℃ for six months. Avoid repeated freeze-thaw cycles.
- Calculated Molecular Weight
- 94973 MW
- Observed Molecular Weight
- 77 kDa
- Fragment
- Rabbit IgG
- Specificity
- No cross reactivity with other proteins.
- Applications Notes
- Western blot, 0.1-0.25μg/ml<br>
Immunohistochemistry (Paraffin-embedded Section), 0.5-1μg/ml<br>
Immunocytochemistry/Immunofluorescence, 2μg/ml<br>
Flow Cytometry (Fixed), 1-3μg/1x10<sup>6</sup> cells<br>
ELISA, 0.1-0.5μg/ml<br>
- Subcellular Location
- Cell membrane. Peripheral membrane protein. Nucleus. Cytoplasm. Perinuclear region.
- Protein Name
- Fibrinogen alpha chain
