- Catalog number
- PB9626
- Size / count
- 100 µg/Vial
- Dry ice
- No
- Hazardous
- No
- Discontinued
- No
- Background
- Gremlin, also known as Drm, is a highly conserved 20.7-kDa, 184 amino acid glycoprotein part of the DAN family and is a cysteine knot-secreted protein. Skeletal cells synthesize bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs) and BMP antagonists. And Gremlin is expressed in osteoblasts and opposes BMP effects on osteoblastic differentiation and function in vitro. Gremlin 1 (GREM 1) is known for its antagonistic reaction with BMPs in the TGF beta signaling pathway. This gene inhibits BMP-2, BMP-4, and BMP-7. Inhibition by grem 1 of BMPs in mice allow the expression of fibroblast growth factors (FGFs) 4 and 8 and Sonic hedgehog (SHH) which are necessary for proper limb development. Gremlin 1 may play an oncogenic role especially in carcinomas of the uterine cervix, lung, ovary, kidney, breast, colon, pancreas, and sarcoma. Over-expressed gremlin 1 functions by interaction with YWHAH (Its binding site for gremlin 1 was located between residues 61-80 and gremlin 1 binding site for YWHAH was found to be located between residues 1-67) . Therefore, Gremlin 1 and its binding protein YWHAH could be good targets for developing diagnostic and therapeutic strategies against human cancers.
- Synonyms
- Gremlin-1; Cell proliferation-inducing gene 2 protein; Cysteine knot superfamily 1, BMP antagonist 1; DAN domain family member 2; Down-regulated in Mos-transformed cells protein; Increased in high glucose protein 2; IHG-2; GREM1; CKTSF1B1, DAND2, DRM; PIG2
- Gene Name
- GREM1
- Gene ID
- 26585
- UniProt
- O60565
- Host
- Rabbit
- Reactivity
- Human, Mouse, Rat
- Cross Reactivity
- No cross-reactivity with other proteins
- Immunogen
- A synthetic peptide corresponding to a sequence at the C-terminus of human Gremlin 1, identical to the related mouse and rat sequences.
- Clonality
- Polyclonal
- Tissue Specificity
- Highly expressed in small intestine, fetal brain and colon. Expression is restricted to intestinal subepithelial myofibroblasts (ISEMFs) at the crypt base. In subjects with HMPS1, by contrast, GREM1 is expressed, not only in basal ISEMFs, but also at very high levels in epithelial cells (predominantly colonocytes), with expression extending most of the way up the sides of the crypt. Weakly expressed in brain, ovary, prostate, pancreas and skeletal muscle. In brain found in the region localized around the internal capsule in the large subcortical nuclei, including caudate, putamen, substantia nigra, thalamus and subthalamus. Predominantly expressed in normal cells including neurons, astrocytes and fibroblasts. .
- Applications
- WB
- Field of Research
- Cytokines, Cytoskeleton/ECM, Embryonic Stem Cells, Extracellular Matrix, Signal Transduction, Stem Cells, Structures
- Purification
- Immunogen affinity purified.
- Concentration
- Adding 0.2 ml of distilled water will yield a concentration of 500 μg/ml.
- Form
- Lyophilized
- Reconstitution
- Add 0.2ml of distilled water will yield a concentration of 500ug/ml.
- Function
- Cytokine that may play an important role during carcinogenesis and metanephric kidney organogenesis, as a BMP antagonist required for early limb outgrowth and patterning in maintaining the FGF4-SHH feedback loop. Down-regulates the BMP4 signaling in a dose-dependent manner. Acts as inhibitor of monocyte chemotaxis (By similarity) . .
- References & Citations
- 1. Gazzero E, Pereira RC, Jorgetti V, Olson S, Economides AN, Canalis E (2005) . Skeletal overexpression of gremlin impairs bone formation and causes osteopenia. Endocrinology 142 (2) :655-665. 2. Namkoong H, Shin SM, Kim HK, Ha S, Cho GW, Hur SY, Kim TE, Kim JW (2006) . The bone morphognentic protein antagonist gremlin 1 is overespressed in human cancers and interacts with YWAHAH protein. BMC cancer 6:74. 3. Stabile H, Mitola S, Moroni E, Belleri M, Nicoli S, Coltrini D, Peri F, Pessi A, Orsatti L, Talamo F (2007) . Blood 109 (5) :1834-1840.
- Storage Conditions
- Store at -20°C for one year from date of receipt. After reconstitution, at 4°C for one month. It can also be aliquotted and stored frozen at -20°C for six months. Avoid repeated freeze-thaw cycles.
- Calculated Molecular Weight
- 20697 MW
- Observed Molecular Weight
- 21 kDa
- Specificity
- No cross reactivity with other proteins.
- Gene Name Synonym
- Gremlin-1
- Subcellular Location
- Secreted .
- Sequence Similarities
- Contains 1 HMG box DNA-binding domain.
- Protein Name
- Gremlin-1
- Isotype
- Rabbit IgG
- Contents
- Each vial contains 4 mg Trehalose, 0.9 mg NaCl and 0.2 mg Na2HPO4.
